The current situation amidst the pandemic has caused such negativities to people, especially among students. It has affected thewell-being and happiness that everyone experiences. In, on the other hand, students who were enrolled amidst the pandemic were more likely to experience mental exhaustion such as anxiety and depression, as this current situation limits and affect their academic performances and the level of happiness they feel. This study investigates the relationship between happiness and depression among senior high school students here in (...) the Philippines. The findings revealed a significant correlation between happiness and depression (r=0.041). (shrink)

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the logic of gift and team performance. We explore this connection empirically, using a detailed data set from the National Basketball Association. In particular, we use the NBA Cares Community Assist Award as a way to measure gift-giving to the community. We explore the response of an entire team after one if its members has been recognized for his gift-giving behavior. Using two winners, we show that after a player has received the (...) award there is an increase in the number of assists given by each member of the team, and that there is also an increase in the number of wins. Therefore, our results show that the team’s performance would improve after a player has been recognized because of his gift-giving attitude. This finding to management implies that managers’ incentivization of a sharing and giving philosophy would not only improve their relationship bond but it would also help them increase their performance. (shrink)

The problems associated with understanding come to light in many facets of our lives. This volume is dedicated to describing these facets and clarifying problems related to levels of comprehension, conceptual analysis, understanding oneself and the other as well as cultural aspects of understanding. The authors address the topic in different theoretical frames such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, transcendental, and analytic philosophy.

Das problem der welt, nach der auffassung der moglichen welt-semantik, ist nur implizit vorhanden. bis heute gibt es nur eine allgemeine auffassung der welt im einverstandnis mit der intuition der moglichen welten. die fragestellung ist: wie kann ein gegenstand identifiziert werden und warum kann von dessen existenz gesprochen werden? der logisch-semantische streit geht quer durch das verfahren der universellen "instantijerung" und der existenziellen generalisation. das problem der eigenschaften in der kausalen namenserklarung wird durch die bestimmung des kunftigen, durch vergangenes, also (...) durch die these der starrheit gelost. unserer meinung nach, ist hier das verfahren der "moglichen welten" eine art kaleidoskop der referenz der eigennament. dies fuhrt dazu, dass entitaten sich verveilfachen und in verschiedenen "welten" alle gleich erscheinen. daruber hinaus mussen eigenschaften bei der beschreibung eines objekts wesentlich sein. dadurch werden grade der diskriminalitat eingefuhrt, die nicht akzeptierbar sind. (shrink)

New imaging methodologies in quantitative fluorescence microscopy, such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), have been developed in the last few years and are beginning to be extensively applied to biological problems. FRET is employed for the detection and quantification of protein interactions, and of biochemical activities. Herein, we review the different methods to measure FRET in microscopy, and more importantly, their strengths and weaknesses. In our opinion, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is advantageous for detecting inter‐molecular interactions quantitatively, the (...) intensity ratio approach representing a valid and straightforward option for detecting intra‐molecular FRET. Promising approaches in single molecule techniques and data analysis for quantitative and fast spatio‐temporal protein‐protein interaction studies open new avenues for FRET in biological research. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to examine the concept of ›custom‹ (Gepflogenheit) in Wittgenstein’s philosophy. Any meaningful human action is underpinned by rules. Custom is situated in the transition phase from the actual rule to the following of this rule. However, as the concept of ›rule‹ is a term with blurred edges and does not allow any ›interpretations behind interpretations‹, it can- not guarantee objectivity. Therefore, a platonic perspective must be adopted which involves fixed rules but makes it impossible (...) to distinguish between appearance and reality. From a grammatical point of view, it is impossible for an agent to follow a rule privately and only once. In this context disposition characterizes the process of a game in two ways, both psychologically as well as physiologically. The notion of custom is examined in the context of an understanding of language game. For Wittgenstein, neither ›Intention‹ nor ›Absicht‹ are considered states of consciousness because they are only of temporary but not of permanent nature. (shrink)

This paper asks if there any hope today, in the midst of the pulls and tugs of current globalizing and counter-globalizing forces, of differing theological outlooks and intestine tensions, that the world Church can constitute a politics of reconciliation instead of one characterized by polarized confrontation. Employing the metaphor of “hands,” it proposes some needed steps towards the realization of that hope. Hands can join in reconciliation when they are open in confession and emptied of the manipulation of money, when (...) all hands are welcome at the table, wounded as they are, and when they are raised in communal praise and supplication. (shrink)

Ludwig Wittgenstein’s writings inspired contemporary philosophical thinking and advanced many issues that had been addressed by traditional philosophy. The questions raised by the Viennese philosopher initiated debates on a reconsideration of philosophical terminology. This is especially true for a term that has generated at least three significant controversies since its creation and will probably generate more disputes in the following years. It is the expression “form(s) of life” which translates into German as “Lebensform(en)” and “Form des Lebens”. The present volume (...) contains contributions on forms of life, language games and the influence of Wittgenstein’s philosophy on other scholars. (shrink)

In this article we reflect on the phenomenon of waiting, interpreted in our own context, but drawn from a text by Heidegger. The text implies that the bored person is waiting for the moment in which something will, as they presume, dissipate their boredom. We will proceed to show the internal structure of time as a lived experience of the phenomenon of waiting while bored, and how this time is existentially configured as pain. To do this, the temporal structure of (...) such waiting will be examined phenomenologically to demonstrate how it transforms the existence of whoever is waiting while bored. (shrink)

The problems associated with understanding come to light in many facets of our lives. This volume is dedicated to describing these facets and clarifying problems related to levels of comprehension, conceptual analysis, understanding oneself and the other as well as cultural aspects of understanding. The authors address the topic in different theoretical frames such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, transcendental, and analytic philosophy.

La filosofía analítica parte del presupuesto de que muchos de nuestros errores se deben al uso incorrecto del lenguaje. El lenguaje dificulta entender los problemas que planteamos y genera, muchas veces, laberintos de los que resulta difícil escapar. Los problemas no son, en ocasiones, más que problemas lingüísticos devenidos del uso impropio de las palabras. La filosofía analítica propone examinar rigurosamente los términos empleados y las expresiones utilizadas. Por esta razón, es necesario estudiar las estructuras lingüísticas con el fin de (...) inquirir las posibles paradojas. El uso del lenguaje tiene repercusión sobre nuestra forma de entender el mundo. Emprender el estudio la evolución seguida por Ludwing Wittgenstein del análisis del lenguaje en su labor laboriosa pero fascinante. Por una parte, ha obtenido importantes resultados en el plano terapéutico y práctico y, por otra, su mismo esfuerzo de reagrupar estos resultados surgidos de las investigaciones sobre el lenguaje es cada vez más valioso. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se hace referencia a formas y modalidades de escritura autobiográfica: dos “diarios” y un epistolario, producidos todos en el contexto de las guerras centroamericanas de los años ochenta del siglo pasado. Las comillas señalan la ambigüedad genérica de los dos textos que se presentan como diarios. El propósito es mostrar ejemplos de configuración de esta escritura en escenarios distintos, pero marcados todos por la violencia de aquella circunstancia histórica.

In this paper is examined the evolution of the idea of consciousness in Bergson’s works –Essai sur les donnés immédiates de la conscience (1889), Matière et mémoire (1896), L’évolution créatrice (1907)–, firstly exploring the significance of this idea in Bergson’s contemporary philosophic thought and then analysing the variations and enrichments, explicit and underlying, of it in his own thinking, coming to the conclusion that Bergson’s idea of consciousness changes from being mainly cognitive to coincide with the idea of human life.

The aim of this paper is to analyze Wittgenstein’s philosophical grammar in the Middle Period. The paper examines the thesis that grammar is not responsible for reality. It investigates the role that rules play in this context and how they determine meaning. Special focus shall be put on arbitrary rules. Therefore, we shall develop a thesis of vagueness with special emphasis on perspicuous representation.

Summary This paper is intended to discuss the problems occurring in the relation between the notion of truth and the question of self-reference. To do this, we shall review Tarski's (T) convention and its related terminology. We shall clarify the relation between truth and extension in order to lead into the question of semantic paradoxes appearing in the theoretical models concerned with truth. Subsequently, we shall review the logical system which develops in the reformulation of the modal proposal of the (...) (T) convention. In closing, we shall critically examine Kripke's interpretation from the proposals made by Tarski. (shrink)

La antropología filosófica de L. Wittgenstein está siendo discutida intensamente desde diferentes puntos de vista. El libro reflexiona alrededor de la propuesta de P. M. S. Hacker de su trabajo ‘El enfoque antropológico y etnológico de Wittgenstein’. El autor se interroga si cuando adoptamos una visión antropológica ubicamos nuestra posición externamente, para ver las cosas objetivamente. Para ello, se analiza el problema vinculado a la gramática y su constitución conceptual. Plantea hasta que punto compartimos los conceptos que usamos en nuestro (...) enfoque antropológico. V. Sanfélix entiende que L. Wittgenstein ha ido desarrollando un historicismo sin historia y una etnología sin etnografía e indica que la utilidad de esta “etnología fantástica” ayuda a ganar una visión sinóptica de la gramática de nuestros conceptos. A. Tomasini Bassols reflexiona alrededor la plataforma sobre la que elabora la antropología filosófica y si se puede sostenerse que la obra de Wittgenstein contiene una antropología filosófica. L. Hertzberg examina el modo como Hacker analiza los conceptos. Repasa la distinción “analítico/sintético” y el “historicismo sin historia”. M. Holguín razona acerca de la “historia natural”. Desde su punto de vista, Hacker justifica los calificativos de aproximación “antropológica” o “etnológica” con el fin de describir una nueva perspectiva que le permite abordar los problemas conceptuales. W. Jacorzynski reconsidera el enfoque etnológico de Wittgenstein y se para a considerar el análisis conductual, la regularidad/uniformidad, la historicidad (“sin historia”), la autonomía y la arbitrariedad de la gramática. J. Sádaba profundiza acerca del esquema general desde donde se interpreta nuestra actividad existencial sin que por ello se proponga describir historiográficamente los recorridos de la humanidad. J. Padilla Gálvez ubica el programa antropológico en una fenomenología epistemológica que se caracteriza por el estudio del análisis del lenguaje usado y conjetura que el proyecto fenomenológico quedaría corto si analiza exclusivamente la gramática ya que esta carece de perspicuidad. Por esta razón, el programa requiere de un análisis amplio cuyo proyecto se complemente con la “representación perspicua”. (shrink)

In a full survey of the programme and reports produced by the Seventh Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Canberra, René Padilla notes that though the theme was the Holy Spirit, Pentecostalism continued to be under suspicion in ecumenical circles. The life of the Assembly also illustrated the fact that the WCC must address the limits of theological pluralism and can no longer afford to maintain a separation between its confessional basis and its programmes.

Interest in ethical aspects associated to product acquisition and consumption is a growing trend among consumers. In this context, the concept of “product with ethical attributes” has arisen to refer to products with explicit social and environmental characteristics. However, one of the factors that most hinders the purchasing of these products is certainly price. Given the difficulty of reducing price, the question that arises is the extent to which other product attributes can attenuate the negative impact of price on perceived (...) value. We assume that the special benefits associated to this type of products are, at a different level, attenuators of the relationship between price and perceived value. Focusing on Fair Trade organic coffee, hypotheses are tested regarding survey data from 407 customers. They were interviewed in an actual purchasing scenario. The models are tested using conventional Structural Equation Models and the Latent Moderated Structural Equation method. The results obtained shed some light on a highly generalised belief that the marketing of these products can only be improved by reducing their price. However, although a price reduction could be desirable, albeit complicated in this product category, its effects could be reduced by acting on other variables such as the ethical aspects, quality and healthiness of this product category. (shrink)

This book treats six beloved films of Hitchcock: The 39 Steps, Saboteur, and North by Northwest, plus Dial M for Murder, Rear Window, and To Catch a Thief. Padilla reviews their production histories with an eye to classical influences, and then analyzes their links with Greek art, poetry, and philosophy.

El nuevo siglo ha receptado acríticamente un conjunto de prejuicios antropológicos —bajo la apariencia de rigor científico— que fundamentan una visión fragmentaria y desajustada del hombre. En este contexto, el lúcido pensamiento de María Zambrano ofrece las premisas básicas para reintegrar la comprensión del misterio del hombre. Comenzando por la búsqueda y empleo de un uso de la razón que se adecúe convenientemente a la peculiaridad de lo humano: la razón poética; continuando por la recuperación de saberes olvidados, como la (...) metafísica, aplicada al estudio de la persona, y concluyendo en el énfasis de la omnipresencia de lo divino y la pasión humana por relacionarse con la divinidad, clave de reintegración de su pluridimensionalidad. Palabras clave: Antropología, flosofía, razón, metafísica, Zambrano. (shrink)

El desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial (IA) ha abierto una nueva discusión sobre la capacidad lingüística de esta tecnología y su potencial impacto en todas las dimensiones de la actividad humana (Brynjolfsson y McAfee, 2014). A fin de evaluar similitudes o diferencias entre la capacidad lingüística de la IA y la humana, este trabajo analiza específicamente el comportamiento argumentativo en términos de los puntos de vista que adopta Chat GPT, versión 3.5, frente a una situación controversial expresada en un dilema (...) moral del Cuestionario D.I.T. (Rest, 2013) y se compara con una muestra similar de adultos humanos (Noemi, 2019), sometida a la misma tarea discursiva. La investigación siguió un estudio comparativo de casos múltiples (Flick, 2020) a través de una metodología mixta (Johnson y Onwuegbuzie, 2004), que combinó un enfoque cuantitativo con uno cualitativo. Los resultados muestran que el 100% de la muestra de IH emite un punto de vista (a favor o en contra), mientras que de la muestra producida por el Chat GPT, sólo el 23,4% lo hace. Los resultados animan a pensar que las diferencias encontradas se podrían explicar por la debilidad de la IA de ser sensible al contexto (falta de una competencia pragmática relevante) y la inexistencia de un proceso de autoimplicación para enfrentar tareas de razonamiento moral. (shrink)

In the context of macroevolutionary transitions, environmental changes prompted vertebrates already bearing genetic variations to undergo gradual adaptations resulting in profound anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations. The emergence of new genes led to the genetic variation essential in metazoan evolution, just as was gene loss, both sources of genetic variation resulting in adaptive phenotypic diversity. In this context, F12‐coding protein with defense and hemostatic roles emerged some 425 Mya, and it might have contributed in aquatic vertebrates to the transition from (...) water‐to‐land. Conversely, the F12 loss in marine, air‐breathing mammals like cetaceans has been associated with phenotypic adaptations in some terrestrial mammals in their transition to aquatic lifestyle. More recently, the advent of technological innovations in western lifestyle with blood‐contacting devices and harmful environmental nanoparticles, has unfolded new roles of FXII. Environment operates as either a positive or a relaxed selective pressure on genes, and consequently genes are selected or lost. FXII, an old dog facing environmental novelties can learn new tricks and teach us new therapeutic avenues. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the contributions that Wittgenstein made to the field of aesthetics. The focus of interest lies on the theory of sensory perception. This theory is characterized as a program of “minimal visibilia” and will be analyzed by employing the phenomenological method. Three problems are addressed in the context of the visual space, such as blurredness, indistinctness and sensory impressions. A distinction between the visual space and the Euclidean space can only be made by (...) comparing their respective typical structures. We will particularly analyze the relation that exists between the perceiving human being on the one hand and the visual space on the other hand. In order to get a deeper insight into this problem the visual space shall be compared to a two-dimensional picture. Moreover the role and function of the colours have to be clarified to establish a “minimum visibilia”. (shrink)

The book links the concept of intention to human action. It provides answers to questions like: Why do we act intentionally? Which impact do reasons and motives have on our decisions? Certain events are identified as intentional actions when they are considered as being rationalized by reasons. The linguistic description of such events enables us to reveal the structure of intention. The mental and the linguistic constitute irreducible ways of understanding events. Among the topics discussed are intentionality, actions, the linguistic (...) form to talk about intentionality and actions, Brentano’s view of intentionality, the phenomenological approach to intention and Wittgenstein's proposals. (shrink)

If we read Ludwig Wittgenstein's works and take his scientific formation in mathematical logic into account, it comes as a surprise that he ever developed a particular interest in anthropological questions. The following questions immediately arise: What role does anthropology play in Wittgenstein's work? How do problems concerning mankind as a whole relate to his philosophy? How does his approach relate to philosophical anthropology? How does he view classical issues about Man's affairs and actions? The aim of this book is (...) to investigate the anthropological questions that Wittgenstein raised in his works. The answers to the questions raised in this introduction may be found on the intersection between forms of life and radical translation from another culture into ours. The book presents an extensive analysis of anthropological issues with emphasis on language and social elements. (shrink)

The pages that follow offer a critical survey of the motivic pursuit of a sober and wakeful way of life in old and late Stoicism (esp. Seneca’s Letters, Epictetus’ Discourses, and Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations). The aim is to show the key role that this motif plays in the Stoic conceptualization of conversion to philosophy and the school’s protreptic or rhetoric of conversion, that is to say, the forms of speech and literary strategies employed to instruct their addressees about what they (...) understood by conversion to philosophy and exhort them to change in their way of life. Wakefulness and soberness (and their counterparts, sleep and drunkenness) have been brought up occasionally in studies on Stoic ethics or moral philosophy. Yet, scholarship in the field has, to date, failed to identify the unique light this motif sheds on the Stoic pedagogical heuristics and conversion experience. T. Bénatouïl 2006, however, has already pointed out, in a study on the practical dimension of Stoicism, that despite its apparent triviality, the Stoic discussion on the sage’s use of wine and drunkenness unveils significant insights into the principles which govern the sage’s whole way of life. With a similar conviction, I hope that what follows may also elucidate the unparalleled lens that wakefulness and soberness as a motif for conversion provides for our understanding of the Stoic pursuit of a way of life in wisdom and virtue and its distinctiveness in the interaction process between traditions that characterized the ancient Mediterranean context. (shrink)

Undoubtedly, Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) is considered one of the most famous philosophers. In contrast to other 20 th century philosophers, who arranged to have their complete works published while still alive or after their deaths, Wittgenstein’s works are still incompletely published with only part of them being in print. He wasn’t concerned with the issue of notoriety nor was he concerned with fame. However, his lectures and publications would very early be recognized by his Spanish colleagues and were reviewed as (...) early as in 1933. This volume is designed to present new ideas and approaches to analysis to open up a new perspective in the reception of Wittgenstein’s works. This volume of essays has a unity and bears throughout the imprint of Wittgenstein’s powerful and original mind. The authors have published most of their contributions in international journals. They are willing to present their results to debate and would welcome constructive feedback. (shrink)